Rifleman (Leadership Observer) Handbook

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The FM outlines our core skills, policies and guides to ensure every member stands ready for the mission ahead.

Your role access is determined by your skills, experience with those skills, and the specific roles that utilize them. With over 100 roles in UNITAF, creating detailed skill breakdowns for every role is a substantial undertaking that cannot be completed overnight. 

Estimated Role Cards

To ensure the entire unit can transition to the new system immediately, some roles are tagged as **"Estimated"**. These roles use a transitional approach:

• Temporary skill blocks simulate role-specific experience
• Estimated access levels are calculated based on these placeholder blocks
• Similar to LTS functionality but with improved accuracy and fewer limitations

Current State: Estimated roles provide functional access levels that closely mirror the previous LTS system while addressing many of its shortcomings. As development progresses, estimated role cards will be upgraded to the full FTS3 standard with detailed, role-specific skill requirements.

Important Note: When roles transition from "Estimated" to "Verified" status, your access level may change (either increase or decrease) as the requirements become more precise and role-specific.

This approach allows UNITAF to:

• Maintain operations during the transition period
• Provide immediate access to the improved FTS3 system
• Ensure continuity while detailed role cards are developed
• Gradually improve role accuracy over time

The estimated system serves as a bridge, ensuring no disruption to unit operations while we build toward the comprehensive FTS3 vision.

This is a temporary skill block, the skill block is being used to accumulate SP for time spent as any Platoon Leader or Platoon Commander role until it's role card is completed.

This is a temporary skill block, the skill block is being used to accumulate SP for time spent as Platoon Sergeant until it's role card is completed.

This is a temporary skill block, the skill block is being used to accumulate SP for time spent as Acting Platoon Leader until it's role card is completed.

This is a temporary skill block, the skill block is being used to accumulate SP for time spent as Platoon Leader until it's role card is completed.

This is a temporary skill block, the skill block is being used to accumulate SP for time spent as Platoon Commander until it's role card is completed.

This is a temporary skill block, the skill block is being used to accumulate SP for time spent as Platoon Commander until it's role card is completed.

This is a temporary skill block, the skill block is being used to accumulate SP for time spent as Company Commander until it's role card is completed.

Rules of engagement (ROE) are directives that dictate how and when military forces can engage in combat. ROE outline conditions for using force, including target identification, self-defence, and proportionality. They are designed to ensure lawful and ethical conduct in military operations, and vary depending on the mission and environment. ROE always take precedence in operational decisions.

Identify targets as legitimate targets before engagement. This is crucial to prevent harm to civilians and ensure adherence to the principles of distinction and proportionality in combat.

Combatants: Individuals who are actively engaged in hostilities or are members of armed forces.

• Enemy soldiers in uniform not surrendering or wounded
• Armed militants
• Persons directly participating in hostilities
• A person posing an immediate threat (e.g., aiming a weapon) can be considered a combatant
• Parachuting active airborne infantry

Non-Combatants: Individuals who are not actively participating in hostilities. These are not legitimate targets.

• Civilians not taking direct part in hostilities
• Unarmed medical and religious personnel
• Wounded/surrendering soldiers who are not participating combat in any way, and prisoners of war
• Parachuting crew from a downed aircraft

Do not intentionally engage non-combatants as defined in FM/BS-349 - Identify legitimate targets

Do not cause damage to civilian infrastructure, unless necessary to archieve a military purpose. In general, preserving life should be prioritised over the avoidance of damage, but the destruction must be proportional to the purpose.

Examples:

• Acceptable situations:
  • Using explosives on a civilian house used as a military HQ
  • Dropping a bomb on an actively engaging enemy tank next to a house
• Unacceptable situations:
  • Cluster-bombing an enemy-held town
  • Destroying a house to take out a single shooter

Do not intentionally cause collateral damage to civilian infrastructure as defined in FM/BS-350 - Minimize collateral damage against civilian infrastructure

Captured Persons (CPERS) = Anyone you’ve captured. 

Don’t worry about categories: if someone is in UNITAF custody, treat them as CPERS. 

Why we do this: 

• Reflects FM/G71 - Rules of engagement.
• Prevents abuse and maintains fair, immersive gameplay.
• Ensures consistent behaviour across all members.
• Encourages role-play or story development

Definition

A CPERS is any person who has been captured, surrendered, or detained and is under UNITAF control, regardless of their status (enemy, civilian, etc.).

Obligations

• Preserve life and provide medical care if needed.
• Treat humanely: no humiliation, torture, or degrading treatment.
• Respect personal protective gear unless unsafe to keep.
• Keep CPERS secure and guarded until handover.
• Report CPERS to chain of command quickly.

Prohibitions

• No execution or deliberate harm.
• No using CPERS for tactical advantage (e.g. human shield).
• No unauthorised trials, interrogations, or punishments.
• No taking personal items except for safety or mission reasons.

Command Responsibility

• Leaders ensure proper custody, communication and handover.

• Approach safely, disarm CPERS.
• Apply restraints securely (e.g. zip ties).
• Conduct a quick safety search for weapons, explosives, intel.
• Leave protective equipment in place unless unsafe.
• Move CPERS to a secure, guarded position.

Report: “One CPERS secured, location ____, information/context ____, condition ____.” 

• Include any intelligence or weapons recovered.

Guard: Never leave CPERS unattended.

• Ensure safety from friendly fire and environment.

Plan & Transfer: Confirm with chain of command when/where to move CPERS.

• Escort during movement; avoid unnecessary exposure.
• Confirm transfer of custody with the receiving element.

A weapon control status is a temporary condition set by the Commander of an operation, one state is always in effect. It describes the terms under which elements can engage valid targets. Under normal conditions a rifleman or element would contact report a target and await authorisation to fire. A weapon control status modifies this condition and allows those elements to fire using self authorisation under certain conditions based on target identification criteria. The Commander sets and adjusts the weapon control state based on friendly and enemy disposition and clarity of the overall situation.

A weapon control state is not the same as the Rules of Engagement (ROE) or the Law of armed conflict (LOAC) which always apply.

"Weapons Red"

• Engage only if there is an imminent threat to life. 
• Authorisation is required for all other targets
  • with the exception of immediate life-threatening situations. 
• Return fire only if absolutely necessary. 
• This state is typically used when stealth is important.

"Weapons Orange"

• Return fire only and limit engagements to active threats against you or friendlies. 
• Disengage if the threat ceases.
• The most common state.

"Weapons Green"

• Engage any confirmed enemy target.
• This state is common in prolonged firefights, emphasising rapid response to enemy threats without the need for authorisation or detailed contact reports for each engagement.

Point fire is fire using a direct and controlled aim, for the specific purpose of hitting an individual target accurately.

Example:

• A rifleman takes aim for an enemy combatant he can see in a window, releases controlled, accurate fire with the intended purpose of wounding the enemy

Area fire is aiming for a group of enemies close together, or an area of concealment that is hiding enemy units, with the intention not to hit any specific individual target, but to hit any target within the area of fire.

Example:

• A rifleman engages a column of enemy infantry, with the intention of putting enough rounds towards the general location that it is likely to wound several enemy combatants.
• A pilot, receiving an instruction to engage enemy infantry in a treeline, engages in area fire on that treeline. Despite not being able to see individual targets, the pilot knows they are there, and puts enough fire down in that area that it is likely to cause casualties.

Suppressive fire is fire where the primary intention is not to hit an enemy target, but to fix them in place and prevent them from returning effective fire, by placing them in the position where if they were to try, they would likely be wounded. If enemy combatants are wounded, this is simply a benefit. Suppressing the enemy can be used for many reasons but the main reasons are; preventing a superior enemy from returning fire, providing the opportunity to get into cover, or keeping the enemy in place whilst friendly units flank them.

Examples:

• A fireteam suppresses an enemy behind a wall, preventing them from moving without being hit, whilst another fireteam moves to the wall to finish the enemy
• A pilot, seeing an enemy fixed wing making an attack run, suppresses the enemy by firing towards them as much as possible, causing them to have to disengage.

Deliberate fire is the a rate of fire that, looking to make deliberate and controlled shots towards a target that have a high chance of accuracy despite a slower pace. This is the standard and default rate of fire.

A rough guide for a standard rifleman, would be 1 round per 4 seconds, for a combined total of 1-1.5 round per second per fireteam

Rapid fire is a rate of fire that is faster than deliberate in order to increase the volume of rounds towards the enemy, at the expense of accuracy. Often used to achieve suppressing fire, rapid fire is used sparingly, as its higher rate increases ammunition consumption.

A rough guide for a rifleman, is 1 round per second, for a total of 4-6 rounds per second from the fireteam.

Burst fire, commonly used with automatic rifles or any rifle with the burst fire setting, achieves a rate much like deliberate fire, but instead of a single round, a burst of 3-5 rounds is fired.

A fire control order (FCO) is used by an element leader to direct their element's fire quickly and effectively towards a target.

The acronym for fire control order is: GRIT

1. GROUP: who is being addressed, "Section", "Fire Team" (Charlie or Delta), "No. 2 Rifleman", etc. 
2. RANGE: the distance to the target. 
3. INDICATION: in which direction to look and what to look for. 
4. TYPE OF FIRE: the type of fire that is required.

Example:

FTL: ‘Green Team. 100m. Enemy infantry, North. Point fire!’

Engage the target specified in a given fire control order using:

• the correct type of fire
• using the correct rate of fire if specified, otherwise using an appropriate rate of fire depending on the target

Vehicle identification is a useful skill for anyone on the battlefield, and a requirement for many of the more specialised roles. While some vehicles pose only a minimal threat, some can halt an entire platoon by themselves. As such accurate identification is crucial to good situational awareness, planning and tasking.

• Identifying a vehicle can be done at three levels of depth:
  • Vehicle class
  • Subclass within vehicle class
  • Specific vehicle model
• Not all vehicles within a class fall under a subclass.
• Vehicle identification covers only military vehicles. 
• Any other vehicle should be referred to by it's common name, e.g.
  • pickup 
  • truck
  • bicycle
  • jetski

• Auto-cannon: an automatic gun with a caliber between 20-60 mm
• Cannon: a gun bigger than an auto-cannon
• Direct fire: firing a weapon within the line-of-sight of the user of the weapon in a (relatively) flat trajectory
• Indirect fire: firing a weapon outside the line-of-sight of the user of the weapon

Rapidly identify a light vehicle as being:

• Wheeled
• Not armed with an autocannon or larger
• Not classified as an AFV

Those at higher proficiency are able to identify the subclasses as:

• Technical: civilian vehicle adapted for military use
• MRAP: mine resistant and protected against small arms
• Truck: military truck

Above: A column of US Army M1114 uparmored HMMWV (or Humvee)

Rapidly identify a AFV as being:

• Wheeled or tracked
• Armed with nothing to cannon, intended for direct fire
• Protected against at least small arms

Those at higher proficiency are able to identify the subclasses as:

• APC: armed with up to a heavy machine-gun
• IFV: armed with an autocannon
• Assault gun: armed with a cannon
• ATGM carrier: armed with ATGMs (anti-tank guided missile) as primary armament

Above: US Army M1126 Stryker AFV on patrol

Rapidly identify a tank as being:

• Tracked
• Turreted
• Protected against at least auto-cannon fire
• Having a cannon capable and intended for direct fire

There are no subclasses.

Above: A section of US Army M1A2 SEPv2 Tanks engaging enemy forces

Rapidly identify artillery as being:

• Towed, wheeled or tracked
• Having a cannon or rocket tubes intended for indirect fire

Those at higher proficiency are able to identify the subclasses as:

• Towed artillery: cannot move by itself
• Self propelled artillery: cannon/rocket tubes are mounted on a wheeled or tracked vehicle

Above: M119 Howitzer towed artillery unit in it's deployed configuration

Rapidly identify anti-air being:

• Primarily inteded for engaging helicopters or planes

Those at higher proficiency are able to identify the subclasses as:

• AAA (anti-air artillery): primary armament is one or more guns
• SAM: primary armament is surface-to-air missiles

Above: ZSU-23 Shilka Anti-Aircraft System

Rapidly identify a helicopter as being:

• Capable of powered flight
• Generating lift with one or more horizontally spinning fixed rotors

Those at higher proficiency are able to identify the subclasses as:

• Utility helicopter: armament is only intended for self defense (e.g. a door gun)
• Attack helicopter: armament is intended for offensive use (e.g. rocket pods)

Above: US Army AH-64D Apache Gunship

Rapidly identify tiltrotor aircraft as being:

• Capable of powered flight
• Generating lift with one or more horizontally spinning rotors capable of rotating in flight

There are no subclasses.

Rapidly identify a plane as being:

• Capable of powered flight
• Generating lift with wings

Those at higher proficiency are able to identify the subclasses as:

• Cargo plane: military plane used to ferry cargo or passengers
• Attack plane: slower flying aircraft intended for ground attack
• Fighter plane: fast flying aircraft intended to fight other planes

Above: US Air Force A-10A Warthog releasing a GBU-48 Enhanced Paveway II

As the main APC of the Soviet/Russian army the BTR has a crew of 3 that sits at the front, a passenger compartment in the middle with a door on each side of the vehicle and a rear-mounted engine. It is armed with either a 14.5mm MG or a 30mm auto-cannon and is amphibious. 

When targeting this vehicle you should: shoot at it frontally or from the rear, as side shots are tricky and it is easy to hit the passenger compartment missing vital components.

Above: A pair of Chedaki BTR-60 APCs

The BMP-1 is one of the most common types of Soviet/Russian IFVs, it has a crew of 3 that sits in the middle of the vehicle, a passenger compartment in the rear and a front mounted engine. It is armed with a 76mm cannon, and some versions are also equipped with an ATGM and is amphibious. 

When targeting this vehicle you should: shoot frontally or from the side and from the rear only with APFSDS. Shooting from the front will take out the engine, when shooting from the side aim from the front half of the vehicle, as everything behind the turret is passenger compartment. Hitting from the rear will not damage the vehicle unless it can penetrate deep into the vehicle.

Above: A pair of Russian BMP-1 IFVs

The BMP-2 is an improved BMP-1 equipped with a 30mm autocannon instead of the 76mm cannon.

Above: Russian BMP-2M IFV

The main thing to remember is that the grids must be read right, and then up. Due to the fact that the map grid is composed entirely of numbers, it's important that you do not transpose them, else you're likely to send someone far, far away from where you needed them to go.

Above: Read the x (horizontal) axis first, then read the y (vertical) axis

• State the proword “GRID”
• Read the first three digits representing west to east (X Axis)
• Pause briefly
• Read the next three digits representing south to north (Y Axis)

• State the proword “GRID”
• Read the first four digits representing west to east (X Axis)
• Pause briefly
• Read the next four digits representing south to north (Y Axis)

Recognise points of elevation and hill numbers:

• 2 or 3-digit numbers on the tops of hills are known as hill numbers and should be referenced as ‘Hill xxx’
• The zoom scale of the map affects whether some of these numbers are visible (specifically the smaller/minor hills).
• In mountainous or hilly terrain there may be multiple hills with the same number. In these circumstances, provide additional context, such as a grid reference to ensure clarity of communication.

Read contour lines using the 2 types contour intervals marked on map:

• Thinner brown lines representing the places of same height at the minor interval (listed in the map legend)
• Thicker brown or red lines representing places of same height at the major interval level (5 times the minor interval)

Recognize the gradient (steepness) of the terrain, based on the spread of the contour lines (the closer contour lines are, the steeper the terrain)

‘These are small. But the ones out there are far away.’

Give yourself a thumbs-up and hold it out at arm’s length. Congratulations! You’ve just measured two degrees of arc with the width of your thumb. Now raise your hand and hold it out at arm’s length. Spread your fingers all the way. Brilliant! With the span between the tip of your thumb and pinky, you have measured 300 milliradians.

Degrees of arc, the kind you use routinely from your compass, are relatively imprecise compared to milliradians, mrad or mils. Remember, the width of your thumb is already one or two degrees. You can’t easily go smaller without chopping your body to bits for MOA, minutes of arc.

The width of a finger in mrad is closer to 20 to 30.

More specifically, where a circle is 360°, it is also 6400 mrad. This gives us a conversion factor of 17.77, or close enough 18. You can be 18 times more precise using mrad than degrees! This is why we use them for marksmanship and artillery.

Your real-world hands are great tools for remarkably reliable rule-of-thumb estimations. In Arma, much more accurate (and immediately usable) tools to measure mils include your compass, binoculars, rifle optics and spotting scopes.

Above: US Army FM 6-30, Chapter 32

The apparent size of an object changes with distance, as we see daily. The width of your index finger may be a couple centimetres. Move it close to your eye and you can block your whole vision out of it. Move it further away and it occupies a small fraction of your field of view. All the while, the absolute width of your index finger has never changed.

Because our field of view is described by an angle, the area we can see increases with distance. As an object moves farther away, its real-world size doesn't change, but its apparent proportion of our field of view becomes smaller and smaller. This proportion of an angle is also an angle and we can describe it with milliradians.

A metre is always a metre, but we can measure its apparent size to us in milliradians, so we can tell what a metre is at any distance.

If you know how far an object is and measure the milliradians between it and another point, you know the distance between them.

Similarly, if you know the real size of an object, you can use its apparent size to calculate the distance to it. We can do this with surprising accuracy and very little effort using the mil-relation formula.

Above: 1 metre cube appearance at different ranges

‘At 1000 metres, 1 mil is 1 metre.’

This relationship is the key to acquiring ranges quickly and accurately. Just like you know now how many milliradians are in different shapes of your hand, you can remember the real size of different objects, then use milliradians to get ranges from them.

Remember our finger (known size) appeared bigger (milliradians) the closer we held it to our eye, but always the same moved side to side. Therefore: 1 metre (known size) will always appear as 1 milliradian at a distance of 1000 metres.

That same metre will appear as 2 milliradians at a distance of 500 metres. Then again 4 mrad at 250, 5 mrad at 200, 10 mrad at 100 metres. Note how the distance halves for every further factor of 2 mrad. What would be the distance to that 1-metre object when measured 8 mrad?

So if you can remember different ‘metre sticks’ common to targets and terrain you encounter, you have a veritable arsenal of rangefinders using just your eyes and quick maths.

The specific formula is:

(object size in metres) * 1000 / mrad = (range in metres)

Note how this formula has one unknown for two known quantities: you know the size, because you pick the object, and can read off the mrad, therefore you can calculate the unknown range. 

With this knowledge, you are also not limited to using objects that are exactly 1 metre. You can plug in any number for the object size; 1 metre just makes it easier since you can divide 1000 by the number of mils you measured straight away, because 1 * 1000 is always 1000.

As a note, 1000 is a conversion factor. You could plug in the object size in millimetres without it and get the same effect. We just don't generally think in millimetres.

Therefore, it will serve you well to remember or collect a list of objects that are easy whole numbers either tall or wide. A standing person measures about one metre head to crotch, likewise head to toe when kneeling. You can approximate doors as 2 metres, which is a similarly nice round number for the formula.

In your typical mil-dot scope you will find a reticle with markings of dots or lines and these markings follow one prime rule: their centres are spaced 1 mrad apart.

For all properly modelled mil-dot reticles, the rule is further:

• from centre to centre of adjacent dots, there is 1 mrad,
• from edge to the close edge of an adjacent dot, there are 0.8 mrad,
• a mildot is 0.2 mrad wide.

They can also have other properties that extend their utility. Some have additional markings in between the main ones. Some have stadiametric tools to quickly get a range from a known object, or a combination of all of these features.

A commonly issued scope is the M8541A as illustrated, so it serves to manage expectations throughout. In its case, the dots are 1 mrad apart with 0.5 mrad dashes in between, making for accurate at-a-glance measurements.

First focal plane vs. second focal plane

Telescopic sights come in two ‘zoom flavours’:

• FFP or first focal plane, scopes show a constant sub-tension of markings. This means that the markings mean the same at any given zoom level, but it shrinks with lower magnifications and grows with larger magnifications. Their advantage is therefore that you can use the mil-relation formula as-is, without an intermediate conversion for the zoom factor. Their potential disadvantage is that lower magnifications make the reticle harder to read, which could hinder follow-up adjustments in close-quarters situations. FFP scopes are the most commonly issued scopes.
• SFP or second focal plane, scopes come with reticles that stay a constant size at every zoom level. This means that their angular measurements are only true at one specific power setting: usually the highest. If the space between two markings is 1 mrad at 12x magnification, it would cover 2 mrad at 6x magnification instead. This can be useful for shooters who expect proportionally many close-range engagements, where fully zooming in with a high-power scope narrows the field of view too much, causing tunnel vision and loss of awareness. In such close-range situations, the scope can comfortably be kept at the lowest power setting but maintain a clear and visible reticle. Their disadvantage is that for accurate distance measurements at any magnification other than the true magnification, you have to convert. Good practice is to keep it at the 1:1 setting when ‘milling’ a range to avoid this.

Above: M8541A sight picture with mil-dots and half-mil-dashes

• A person is 1.8 metres tall.
• They appear as 6 mrad in our scope, therefore following the mil-relation formula:
  • ((person's height in metres) * 1000) / (mrad measured) = (range in metres)
  • (1.8 m * 1000) / 6 mrad = 1800 / 6
  • = 300 metres

Above: A man standing relaxed, known to be 1.8 m tall

From FM/BG-525 - Milliradians: Ranging example 1a we know the distance using the person's full height, however, you can’t always see a person’s whole body. 

For reliability and to avoid a decimal (we want it easy for expedience after all), consider the person’s height from the top of their head to the crotch: it’s one metre!

• Head-to-crotch now appears as 3.2 mil. 
• Round to 3 mil because we want it easy, so:
  • ((head-to-crotch in metres) * 1000) / (mrad measured) = (range in metres)
  • (1 m * 1000) / 3 mil = 1000 / 3
  • = 330 metres
• We’re off by 30 because we rounded. 
• Try to be as precise as possible, but we preferred ease of use this time, judging the balance of this is a skill, too.

Above: A man standing relaxed, measured head to crotch as a known dimension of 1 metre

Sometimes people are hard to spot or track, making range estimation using body dimensions difficult. At long ranges, smaller objects require a more accurate reading of mrads, which is error-prone. Other larger objects, including identifiable vehicles, lend themselves to the same purpose.

• A BTR-80 is 2 metres from the ground to the top of the hull, appearing as 4 mrad in our scope:
  • ((Ground to top of BTR hull) * 1000) / (mrad measured) = (range in metres)
  • (2 m * 1000) / 4 mrad = 2000 / 4
  • = 500 metres

Above: A BTR-80, known to be 2 metres high when measured from the ground to the top of its hull

Use milliradian tools to obtain a range to the target, by applying the core concept that at 1000 meters, 1 milliradian equals 1 metre.

Use your Vector 21 to measure the current distance and inclination angle to your target by holding Tab + R with center circle aligned on target.

• If equipped with an AtragMX, these values will automatically be transferred from the Vector 21 as displayed below.

Above: Vector 21 data automatically populating into the ATragMX

Look at the target and fire the laser rangefinder to obtain an exact range to the target.

• Detect rivers, cliffs, fences, walls, and urban structures.
• Assess obstacle impact on infantry, vehicles, and logistics movement.

• Choose routes providing cover and concealment.
• Avoid known or suspected danger areas and obstacles.
• Consider terrain slope, vegetation, and obstacles on movement speed and safety. 

Perform LOS checks to determine visibility between observer and target.

1. Identify observer and target positions.
2. Compare elevations via contour lines or shading.
3. Assess terrain or structures blocking visibility.
4. Determine visible portion of the target area.
5. Annotate arcs, dead ground, and blocked areas on the map. 

• Locate concealed areas hidden from enemy observation (dead ground).
• Identify optimal observation points for overwatch and surveillance.
• Evaluate exposure risks and blind spots on terrain. 

Measure straight-line distance using the map scale and convert it with grid tools.

• Use ~10 km/h as baseline  speed on flat, open terrain.
• Adjust for terrain:
  •  Roads / open ground: maintain ~10 km/h.
  •  Hills, forests, etc reduce speed by: -30–50% speed.
• Add time for obstacles (fences, rivers, buildings) requiring detours or crossings.
• Adjust for unit load and type, as weight and role affect movement speed.
• Compute travel time: distance ÷ adjusted speed.

• Identify hills, valleys, ridgelines, depressions, rivers, and forests.
• Assess their impact on observation, cover, and movement.
• Distinguish natural obstacles from man-made features. 

Understanding terrain is essential for tactical movement. Terrain influences movement, observation, cover, and concealment.

• High ground provides superior observation and firing positions; ideal for overwatch, observation posts (OPs), and fire support.
• Low ground offers concealment but limits visibility and increases risk from enfilade fire.
• Ridges and hills offer a balance of cover and visibility; reverse slopes protect from direct fire.
• Valleys and depressions allow concealed movement but increase ambush risk; difficult to observe externally.
• Water features may restrict movement; bridges and fords become critical control points.
• Forests and woodblocks provide concealment and cover; facilitate stealth movement.
• Open terrain increases exposure but allows rapid movement if supported by fire or smoke. 

POIs are reference markers essential for navigation, observation, and reporting. Accurate recording using grid references is critical.

• Tactical POIs: bunkers, trenches, OPs, strongpoints, checkpoints.
• Strategic POIs: objectives, headquarters (HQs), communications relays, logistics hubs.
• Natural POIs: distinctive landmarks aiding navigation (e.g., lone tree, unique rock).
• Civilian POIs: villages, compounds, areas with civilian activity. 

• Interpret tactical, strategic, natural, and civilian POI markings by referring to the OPORD.
• Correlate POIs with current mission objectives. 

• Identify unit size, type, and function from symbols.
• Distinguish friendly, enemy, neutral, and unknown forces by colour.
• Understand status indicators such as readiness or engagement. 

• Select appropriate symbols for unit type and size.
• Use correct colour coding for affiliation.
• Place symbols in correct positions and maintain clarity on overlays and briefs. 

Control measures are tools used to organize, coordinate, and manage forces during an operation.

They help commanders and units:

• Maintain alignment and spacing
• Synchronize movement, fires, and support
• Define boundaries, objectives, and responsibilities
• Prevent fratricide or confusion

What a Sector Is

A sector is a designated area of responsibility within a town or urban objective, assigned to a squad or team for clearance.

Sectors help:

• Divide complex urban areas into manageable portions
• Maintain control and accountability
• Coordinate movement, fires, and support

Sectors should be sensible, clear, and easy to reference.

Best Practices

• Keep Sectors Manageable
  • Each sector should be sized so the assigned team can clear it efficiently without overextension.
  • Avoid overly large or irregular sectors that complicate coordination.
• Use a Simple Naming System
  • Standardize names using a grid-like system: A1, A2, B1, B2, etc.
  • Rows and columns help adjacent units easily identify boundaries.
  • Avoid complicated or inconsistent names.
• Align Sectors with Terrain
  • Use streets, canals, ridgelines, or major buildings to define borders.
  • Physical features make sectors easier to recognize during movement and coordination.
• Assign Responsibility Clearly
  • Each sector must have an assigned element responsible for clearing and reporting progress.
  • Ensure overlapping coverage at boundaries is minimized to prevent gaps or duplication.
• Coordinate Adjacent Sectors
  • Establish coordination points at intersections or key terrain features.
  • Adjacent teams should maintain visual or radio contact when possible.

Communication

Report progress by sector:

• “1-1 cleared Sector A2.”
• “Team Bravo securing Sector B1.”

Use sector names for directing support, fires, or follow-on movement.

Above: Example sectors for a town objective

What an Objective Box Is

An Objective Box (OB) is a clearly defined area representing the full extent of an objective, such as an entire town, village, or urban complex.

• It defines the boundaries of the objective.
• It ensures all units understand the area requiring clearance.
• Within the OB, the area can be subdivided into smaller sectors for individual squads or teams.

Best Practices

• Anchor to Terrain
  • Use roads, rivers, canals, ridgelines, or urban landmarks to mark the OB’s corners.
  • Clearly recognizable features make coordination and orientation easier.
• Size Appropriately
  • Cover the entire objective to prevent missed areas.
  • Avoid making it so large that it becomes unmanageable for assigned forces.
• Subdivide into Sectors
  • As per FM/BG-1524 - Sectors
• Coordinate Support
  • Use the OB as a reference for fire support, CAS, and logistics.
  • Synchronized actions are easier when all elements reference the same boundaries.

Communication

Reference the OB in orders and reports:

• “1st Platoon clearing Objective Box Alpha, Sector A2.”
• “All elements secure Objective Box Bravo as per orders.”

Above: Example objective box for a town objective

What a Line of Departure Is

• A Line of Departure (LoD) is the designated line where an assault or advance begins.
• It signals the transition from preparation or assembly to movement or attack.

The LoD is a control measure, not an objective. Crossing it initiates the operation.

When to Use

Most effective in:

• Deliberate assaults
• Platoon- or company-level attacks
• Coordinated multi-element movements

Generally unnecessary for small patrols or spontaneous actions.

Best Practices

• Anchor to recognizable terrain (road, ridgeline, tree line, or urban feature).
• Clearly define who crosses first and in what order.
• Ensure all support (fires, logistics, follow-on elements) is prepared before crossing.
• Tie crossing to a trigger (e.g., H-Hour or command order).

Communication

Keep reports concise:

• “1-1 crossing LoD.”
• “All elements set on LoD.”

Above: Example Line of departure location.

Definitions

• RV (Rendezvous):
  • A planned link-up point where elements meet during movement or prior to execution.
• ERV (Emergency Rendezvous):
  • A pre-designated rally point used if elements become separated, break contact, or lose communication.
• FRV (Final Rendezvous):
  • The last designated assembly point immediately prior to initiating an attack. It is used to consolidate all assault elements, confirm final readiness, and complete last-minute coordination before crossing the line of departure or beginning the final assault phase.

When to Use

• RVs can be used in all operations.
• ERVs are used when elements become separated or C2 is degraded.
• FRVs are used specifically during offensive operations as the final consolidation point before execution of an attack.

Best Practices

• Anchor to recognizable terrain.
  • Use intersections, buildings, terrain features, or distinct map references.
• Keep locations practical.
  • Avoid exposed or tactically unsound areas.
• Assign purpose clearly.
  • RV: Planned link-up during movement
  • ERV: Emergency regroup point
  • FRV: Final consolidation prior to assault
• Limit quantity.
  • Over-designating rendezvous points causes confusion.

Execution Considerations

• At an RV:
  • Confirm accountability
  • Conduct quick coordination
  • Adjust plan if required
  • Conduct medical and/or resupply
• At an ERV:
  • Establish security
  • Rebuild command and control
  • Await further direction
• At an FRV:
  • Conduct final accountability of assault elements
  • Confirm weapons, ammunition, and readiness status
  • Rehearse or confirm assault plan and timing
  • Synchronise final fire support or enabling assets
  • Issue final go/no-go confirmation before execution

Communication

Use concise reporting:

• “1-1 set at RV.”
• “All elements at FRV.”
• “Breaking contact to ERV.”

Above: Example RVs for town objective.

What a Phase Line Is

A Phase Line (PL) (sometimes known as Report Line) is a named control measure drawn across the area of operations to assist with coordination and synchronization.

PLs are used to regulate:

• Tempo of maneuver
• Fire support shift/lift
• Movement of follow-on elements
• Engagement or fallback triggers

A Phase Line is not an objective or a mandatory halt line unless specifically stated.

Planning test:
If crossing the PL does not trigger an action or report, it likely does not need to exist.

When to Use Phase Lines

Most effective in deliberate, structured operations such as:

• Platoon- or company-level assaults
• Mechanized or multi-element manoeuvre
• Fire support integration
• Layered defensive plans

They are generally unnecessary for small, fluid, squad-only actions.

Best Practices

• Anchor to terrain: 
  • Use recognizable features (roads, ridgelines, rivers, major streets).
• Limit quantity:
  • Use only what is required to control tempo or fires.
  • Too many PLs create clutter and unnecessary reporting.
• Tie to action:
  • Crossing a PL should trigger something:
    • Shift/lift fires
    • Commit follow-on elements
    • Authorize engagement
    • Execute fallback
    • a halt to maintain cohesion with other elements
• Align to the axis of advance:
  • Draw PLs perpendicular to movement to clearly show progression.

Common Applications

• Offense:
  • Control tempo and fire shifts during assaults.
• Movement:
  • Define bounds during controlled advances.
• Fire Support:
  • Establish fire limits or lift points.
• Defence:
  • Set engagement triggers or fallback criteria.

Naming and Communication

Use one consistent naming convention (e.g., ALPHA / BRAVO / CHARLIE, GOLD / SILVER / BRONZE, 1 / 2 / 3).

Keep reports concise:

• “1-1 at PL ALPHA.”
• “2-1 crossing PL BRAVO.”
• “All elements set at PL CHARLIE.”

Above: Example phase lines for a town objective.

What Boundaries and Lanes Are

• Boundaries are control measures that separate adjacent units’ areas of responsibility during movement or assault.
• Lanes are assigned corridors within which a unit advances or moves.

They are used to:

• Prevent friendly collisions or overlapping fields of fire
• Maintain alignment and direction of advance
• Organize multiple elements moving along the same axis

Boundaries define limits laterally, while lanes define the path forward.

Best Practices

• Anchor to Terrain
  • Use streets, ridgelines, rivers, or other clear features to define lateral limits.
  • Lanes should follow easily navigable routes (roads, alleys, or trails).
• Keep Dimensions Manageable
  • Boundaries: wide enough for safety but narrow enough to prevent drift.
  • Lanes: allow movement without congestion, obstacles, or crossfire.
• Assign Responsibility
  • Each element knows which lane or side of the boundary they occupy.
  • Overlaps only at designated coordination points.
• Coordinate Fires and Movement
  • Use boundaries to prevent friendly fire.
  • Ensure support elements respect the lateral limits.

Naming and Communication

Name boundaries and lanes clearly (e.g., Lane 1, Lane 2; Boundary RED, Boundary BLUE).

Report positions and movements using the assigned lane/boundary:

• “1-1 advancing Lane 2.”
• “Squad Bravo holding Boundary RED.”

Above: Example attack lanes for a town objective.

What a Limit of Exploitation Is

A Limit of Exploitation (LoE) defines the maximum depth an attacking element may advance.

It is used to prevent:

• Overextension
• Loss of mutual support
• Collision with adjacent units
• Advancing beyond sustainment

An LoE is a control boundary, not an objective.

When to Use

Most effective in:

• Deliberate assaults
• Mechanized breakthroughs
• Multi-element attacks
• Operations with adjacent units

Generally unnecessary for small, short-duration missions.

Best Practices

• Anchor to clear terrain when possible (road, river, ridgeline).
• State what happens at the LoE (halt, hold, or await orders).
• Require authorization before advancing beyond it.

The LoE should control depth and maintain cohesion without slowing momentum.

Communication

Keep reporting simple:

• “1-1 at LoE.”
• “Objective secure, holding at LoE.”

Movement beyond the LoE should be deliberate and directed.

Above: Example Limit of Exploitation for a town objective.

• Identify phase lines, boundaries, sectors, and objective boxes on mission maps.
• Plan fire team or squad movement to remain within assigned sectors, lanes, and limits of exploitation.
• Deconflict actions to prevent overlap, friendly collisions, or breaches of assigned boundaries.
• Report positions and status at designated rendezvous points (RV, FRV, ERV) or sector boundaries.

Every infantryman operates within a buddy team, ensuring that everyone always has someone to rely on in combat. This approach provides mutual protection and improves combat effectiveness. Standardised in the platoon, buddy teams can be adjusted by fireteam leads based on the situation. The specific composition is indicated on the ORBAT.

Responsibilities

• Always stay close to your buddy, within verbal range (shouting/talking distance) at all times.
• Keep your buddy informed of your movements and actions to maintain situational awareness.
• Cover your buddy’s movements, opposing sectors, and vulnerable moments.
• If your buddy goes down, quickly assess the situation, provide cover, and extract them to safety.
• Maintain mutual accountability, losing track of your buddy is as much your responsibility as theirs.

Each Fireteam consists of four to six players: a leader and 3 to 5 subordinates. New players will end up acting as a rifleman in one of the Fireteams. Riflemen will be under the charge of a more experienced player, acting as the Fireteam Leader (FTL). They in turn, will be under the command of a Squad Leader who leads the two Fireteams that make up each squad. Likewise, the Squad Leader will be under the command of the Platoon Commander, who commands the two or three squads that form the platoon. They are led by the Company Commander, who directs the movements of the platoons in their Company.

Above: A typical fireteam in the field

A rifle squad is a formidable unit built around flexibility and firepower. Each squad typically consists of two Fireteams and a Squad Leader element, usually totalling 14 personnel. The Squad Leader commands two Fireteam Leaders and their teams, supported by a Squad Medic who provides immediate medical care and acts as the second member of the squad lead element.

Squads form the primary fighting unit of a platoon. They execute the Platoon Commander’s intent through aggressive manoeuvre, disciplined communication, and mutual support between Fireteams.

Responsibilities

• Execute the Platoon Commander’s intent through coordinated Fireteam manoeuvre and fire.
• Maintain constant situational awareness of friendly and enemy positions.
• Keep both Fireteams within mutual support range at all times.
• Communicate regularly with other squad leaders and up to the platoon command.
• Ensure all squad members understand the current plan, ROE, and formations.
• Manage casualties within the squad and coordinate with the Platoon Medic when required.
• Reorganise and redistribute personnel or equipment as casualties occur.
• Avoid changing the squad’s structure without approval from the field leader.

A standard platoon is composed of three rifle squads and a four-man Command Element, known as Platoon Headquarters (PltHQ). The PltHQ includes the Platoon Commander (PltCo), Platoon Sergeant (PltSgt), Platoon Medic (PltMed), and a Rifleman who provides security for the element.

Platoons are the core tactical formation on the battlefield, linking company-level direction to squad-level execution. The Platoon Commander leads the platoon in accordance with the Company Commander’s intent, ensuring that all subordinate squads act in concert toward a unified mission objective.

Responsibilities

• Brief squad leaders on the Commander’s intent and ensure full understanding of the mission and desired end state.
• Maintain control and coordination of all attached squads and supporting elements.
• Position command and support elements effectively to maintain visibility and control of the battle.
• Keep squads within mutually supporting distance, avoiding fragmentation of combat power.
• Delegate tasks and share workload with the Platoon Sergeant.
• Avoid micromanagement; empower Squad Leaders to adapt the fight as required.
• Gather and maintain awareness of platoon ACE (Ammo, Casualties, Equipment) status and report to company command as needed.
• Reorganise or reinforce squads when casualties or mission conditions require.

A company is composed of two to three platoons and a Company Command Element, forming the largest cohesive player-controlled formation. The company executes the overall mission assigned by higher command, coordinating all subordinate platoons and attached support assets such as logistics, air, and artillery. The Company Commander (CoyCo) provides strategic direction and overall control.

Responsibilities

• Coordinate the movement and actions of all platoons to ensure unity of effort.
• Manage and allocate supporting assets in line with mission priorities.
• Maintain situational awareness of friendly platoon positions, combat effectiveness, and logistics status.
• Communicate regularly with higher command, relaying progress and requesting support as required.
• Ensure platoon commanders understand the plan’s purpose as well as its details, enabling initiative under changing conditions.
• Maintain flexibility to reinforce, recover casualties, or shift the main effort as the battle evolves.
• Conduct post-mission evaluation to identify lessons learned and improve future performance.

The key aspect of our organization is that of closely-knit teams. A rifleman by himself is not nearly as useful as a group of players working as one cohesive unit. Fireteams look out for their own members as well as those of their fellow fireteams. Fireteams are the tip of the infantry spear.

You will find yourself grouped with different players in different missions and your comprehension of this guide is what will allow you to all act as a cohesive and combat-effective group, regardless of who is in your fireteam specifically.

Within each fireteam, buddy teams are formed, typically composed of two members: a leader and a buddy. The leader guides the pair, making decisions and setting the pace, while the buddy supports the leader, covers blind spots, and helps maintain the effectiveness of the team.

Above: A fireteam takes cover at a low stone wall

Know who is in your element and what their role is. This makes it easier to understand and act on orders given by the element leader.

Remain within an appropriate distance of the other members of the element, such that:

• Mutual support is possible
• In-person communication, without using a radio, is possible
• The element leader is aware of your position

Actively listen for and follow the orders given by the element leader.

Do not intentionally ignore the orders given by those in leadership positions.

When it comes to infantry spacing, i.e. the appropriate distance between one individual and another, the specific distance should be dependent on terrain and circumstance, usually called out by the lead element e.g. the fireteam leader. For infantry, in thick, low visibility terrain or atmosphere, such as jungle or night-time forest, spacing should be as close as 3-5m, whereas in high visibility open terrain, such as desert or open fields in broad daylight, spacing can and should be up to 25m between each individual. The likelihood of mines/IEDs, or Indirect Fire (IDF) should also factor into the chosen spacing with higher risk, increasing the recommended spacing size.

Spacing is the distance that should be held in standard situations both when on the move and holding position, though it is allowable for individuals to move closer for specific reasons such as: buddy team medical assistance, ammo distribution, spotting etc, but individuals should always move back to an effective spacing as soon as these are completed.

Maintain an effective distance between yourself and others, striking a balance between cohesion and minimising potential casualties, based on:

• The terrain being traversed
• The threats faced
• Visibility (foliage, fog,…)

Maintain situational awareness, avoid tunnel vision, and know where friendly forces are. This all helps to prevent being surprised by enemy contacts, prevents friendly-fire incidents by knowing where friendly forces are operating, and gives you an idea of what areas may need more observation based upon how the squad or platoon is oriented.

Players should, at any time, know roughly where their nearest friendly element is, where enemies are most likely to come from, and what the current tasking for their callsign is.

If context is not being provided on what we are doing and what friendlies are doing around us, ask!

Maintain awareness of:

• Your position
• The position of the members of your team
• The general position of other friendly elements
• Potential dangers

When moving, cover the direction appropriate for the given position in the formation.

When stationary, cover the direction instructed by the element leader. When no direction is specified, cover a direction and communicate that direction, such that the element combined has the best all-round coverage.

Avoid crossing through lines of fire as much as possible, instead preferring to go behind the element that is (potentially) engaging. This includes elements providing base of fire, even if they are not actively engaging at the time.

Adjust your aiming point vertically relative to the target by:

• estimating the distance to the target visually
• adjusting based on previous shot impacts

Adjust your aiming point horizontally, relative to the target, by:

• estimating the target speed visually
• estimating the distance to the target visually
• adjusting based on previous shot impacts

Hold your breath when pulling the trigger to ensure steady aim.

Follow these principles for more effective breath control:

• Be efficient and keep the held duration short to avoid getting winded.
• Time your hold in the brief respiratory pause at the bottom of the movement cycle to better predict placement.
• Learn to compensate for respiratory sway, as situations may arise that expose this technique as privileged for time.

When aiming your rifle, remember that at close ranges bullets will hit lower than what your sight is indicating because the sight is mounted above the barrel. This effect is even more pronounced if you are using the backup sights on a scope.

Above: Sight line vs Bore line

Every shooting stance has advantages and disadvantages.

Standing

• most visible shooter target profile
• likely to clear ground-based obstacles with line of bore
• quickest to assume
• least stable, hardest to take long-range shots

Kneeling

• makes use of ground-based cover such as rocks and low structures
• reduces shooter target profile in the open
• quick to assume
• stable enough for extended-range shots
• versatile

Sitting

• low profile
• useful to clear obstacles low to the ground, such as grass, that otherwise hinder prone shooting
• low mobility, rendering reaction to fire delayed
• very stable

Prone

• lowest profile
• low mobility while still allowing lateral reactions to fire by combat rolling
• capable of shooting underneath obstacles, including cars by adjusting stance down or left / right
• most stable

Use an appropriate shooting stance for the engement while taking into account available cover, sight stability and mobility requirements.

The range card provides ready access to some of the most frequently required information for placing measured shots at distance. The first and largest variable to account for in all ballistic solutions is bullet drop, or the effect of gravity on a bullet in flight over time. Auto-populated for your unique combination of rifle and optic in hand, the range card dedicates a majority of its data to accurately accommodating this first variable in a ballistic solution.

Using a range card

The coloured columns under the range card’s “Bullet Drop” section display different sets of adjustments to accommodate the effects of temperature on bullet drop. As temperature affects both muzzle velocity and air resistance, the differences between cold and warm climates can have a significant effect on how far a bullet will fall due to gravity at any given range. Be sure to have a rough estimate of the temperature in hand to help decide which temperature column to read.

With an appropriate temperature column picked out, all of the below values will display how far your bullet will drop for the given “Target Range”, found on the far left side of the sheet. These drop values are measured in milliradians, or MRAD. For example, a value of “-4.5” (reading the 15°C temperature column at a distance of 500m) describes that your bullet will fall 4.5 milliradians below your crosshairs at that distance. To counteract that negative drop value, we need to either hold the crosshairs 4.5 MRADs above the target, or dial our scope up 4.5 MRADs to bring the bullet impact back up to our crosshair level.

Advanced considerations

In a similar fashion, the range card also provides information for use with wind accommodation, engaging moving targets, and for calculations requiring general equipment information. This data, however, is seldom required in the opening marksmanship roles where simplicity encourages speed, and speed is our most valuable asset.

At the highest level of marksmanship roles, it should be noted that the populated BDA information is limited to temperature and equipment considerations only. Displayed drop values do not account for changes in altitude, pressure or humidity variables, as default Arma values are assumed. This under extreme conditions may compromise all drop, wind and moving target information, requiring manual data collection or calculation.

• Look up the vertical deviation caused by gravity using the range to target and a range card
• Integrate the calculated value into the final ballistics solution

The tools and knowledge available to a Squad Designated Marksman enable him to quickly place accurate fire against a target in the intended range. However, tolerances in calculations, time constraints, environmental factors and incoming fire - all work against the marksman, meaning that first shots do miss. A competent marksmen will quickly adjust their fire to hit the intended target.

Adjustment of fire - Visually estimating offset

If you have a non-milliradian sight, the only method of adjustment available is to:

1. Observe the existing impact point - Easier with tracer rounds, look for evidence of impact on the ground or on an object behind the target. 
2. Estimate the offset from the aim point (when your reticule crosshairs were pointing) - e.g. in the example below, the impag point was approximately two body widths to the left, and half a body higher.
3. Adjust your fire by aiming the reticule by an equal amount in the opposite axes - e.g. in the same example, aim two body widths to the right, and half a body lower

This method is quick, often accurate enough and can be used with any weapon/scope.

Adjustment of fire - Measuring offset in mrads

If you have a milliradian scope, as most modern-era marksmen will do, you can more accurately calculate the adjustment using the mildots on your scope. 

1. Observe the existing impact point.
2. Measure the offset in mrads - in the example below, the impact point is 2.5 mrads left and 1 mrad up from the centre of the reticule.  
3. Adjust your fire…
   1. By aiming the reticule by an equal amount in the opposite axes - e.g. in the same example, aim 2.5 mrads to the right, and 1 mrad lower, or…
   2. By dialling in the necessary adjustment - e.g. dial 2.5 mrads to the right, and 1 mrad lower

Visual adjustment vs Scope adjustment

Visual adjustment is quicker but potentially less accurate - even if you know exactly what the adjustment should be, making a visual adjustment is less reliable than putting the centre of the reticule on the target. Dialling in the adjustment into the scope, takes a little extra time, but then you just need to centre the reticule on the target.

If you have multiple targets in a similar area, it may be worth the investment to adjust your scope, or at least the lateral adjustment - wind and other lateral effects are likely to be similar when aiming in a given general direction. However if your targets are spread widely apart, the adjustment will be different for each shot, thus visual adjustments might be preferred.

Above: Scope view showing the impact point offset from the reticule

Adjust for misses by correcting for the observed impact through any of the following core principles:

• with any sight, estimating the impact offset and holding its inverse,
• with a milliradian sight, reading the impact offset in mrad to hold the inverse of that exact amount,
• with a milliradian sight, reading the impact offset in mrad to dial in the inverse of that exact amount on the scope.

A radio is a specialized communication device designed for use by armed forces to facilitate secure and reliable communication on the battlefield and during military operations.

The primary purpose of a radio is to enable effective coordination and command among elements, allowing for the swift transmission of orders, intelligence, and situational updates. This real-time communication capability is crucial for coordinating maneuvers, calling for support, reporting enemy positions, and ensuring overall operational efficiency and safety of personnel during operations.

During any operation that requires it, you'll be provided with an AN/PRC-152. It is the short range radio used by all elements. The main frequency is the channel (C1, C2,…) that is currently selected on the radio.

To set up your main frequency:

1. Check with your leader or in the ORBAT what frequency you should be on
2. Hover with your mouse on your current frequency (2) and type the desired frequency; eg. 271
3. Click the ENT (4) button to enter (save) the frequency
4. Check in with your team to see if the radio is working properly

Using the AN/PRC-152 you can also set up an additional frequency to communicate with other elements that aren't your own. The additional frequency is set manually and will show as “A#” in place of the channel name e.g. If channel 2 is selected as the alternate frequency, it will become A2.

To set up an additional frequency:

1. Click the + button (5) to select the desired channel.
2. Click the left arrow button (8) to set an additional channel. 
   1. At this point you should read A# (# being the channel number) instead of C#, next to the frequency number.
3. Type the wanted frequency you want to use as additional; eg. 270
4. Click the ENT (4) button to enter the frequency
5. Click the - button (6) to return to your main frequency

If you want to dictate which ear you want the audio for your main and alternate channels to come out from, select the frequency you want to adjust and click the 0(9) button to modify the stereo settings. On the bottom right of the screen, you'll see an indicator that says either "left", "right" or "left and right". Ensure you do this for both your main and alternate channels on any radios you're using.

Now you should be able to hear both frequencies in different ears.

Above: The BLUFOR issued AN/PRC-152 and its buttons explained.

• Rhythm: Use short sentences divided into sensible phrases which maintain a natural rhythm, they should not be spoken word by word.
• Speed: Speak slightly slower than normal conversation. Speed is easily adjusted by increasing or decreasing the length of pauses between phrases, as opposed to altering the length of pauses between words as this will create an unnatural, halted style of speech which is difficult to understand.
• Volume: Volume should be as for normal conversation. There is no need to shout, the sensitivity of the microphone will clearly communicate your voice, even in a noisy environment.
• Pitch: The voice should be the natural pitch of your voice to maintain clarity.

A contact report is a way for any member of the unit to concisely communicate important information about the enemy in a standard way. Being able to concisely report enemy locations is a critical communication skill to have. The sooner we know about enemy positions, and the faster it is passed to the entire squad, the better our survivability will be and the more effective we will be at reacting to threats.

A contact report consists of several key elements that must be presented in a specific order for it to be effective.

1. ALERT: Begin with an alert pro-word. 
   • Use "Contact!" for entities in contact with the reporter
   • Use "Sighting!" for entities sighted but not in contact.
   • Use "Audible!" for entities not sighted and only heard.
2. ORIENT: Provide direction and range. Range can be omitted if desired. Direction should be one of the following:
   • Relative direction (front, left, right, rear) if movement direction is established.
   • Cardinal direction.
   • Compass bearing in degrees for high precision.
3. DESCRIBE: Composition of the enemy element:
   • Type of the enemy (infantry, MG nest, tank,…)
   • Rough size estimate (fireteam, squad,…)
4. EXPOUND: Give additional details such as:
   • Range if not provided during orient (from general, e.g. "Close", to specific, e.g. "523 meters").
   • A specific degree bearing if only a relative bearing was initially given
   • Movement of the enemy
   • Detailed information about individual enemy positions

Example Contact Report: "Contact front! Enemy infantry in the open, bearing 210, three hundred meters!"

Recognize the following meanings of smoke colors:

Formations are a set way of positioning members of an element during combat. These formations are used for several key reasons:

1. Command and control: They allow leaders to effectively manage and direct their units, ensuring clear communication and efficient execution of orders.
2. Mutual support and security: Soldiers in these formations can cover each other, provide overlapping fields of fire, and maintain situational awareness, enhancing their overall survivability and effectiveness.
3. Team cohesion: By having a standard for where everyone should be, it is easier to maintain cohesion as an element

The wedge is a versatile formation that is easy to establish and control. It allows for good all-around observation and security, and can be used in the majority of situations encountered. Fire can be placed in any direction in good quantity, and a shift in formation upon contact is easy to accomplish to suit where the contact came from.

If contacted from the front or rear, the wedge allows for easy transition to a line formation. If attacked from either side, one buddy team is able to return fire whilst the other maneuvers to support them.

The fireteam leader will usually take the forward-most position, with the first buddy team to their left, and the second buddy team to their right. The fireteam leader may adjust positions within the formation based on need, such as putting the automatic rifleman to the front and the medic to the rear, but should generally avoid splitting buddy teams between the two sides.

Strengths:

• Good all-around security
• Allows balanced volume of fire in all directions
• Good movement control, even with limited visibility or difficult terrain
• Easily transitions to other formations

Weaknesses:

• The balanced forward, rearward, and side firing angles are each limited compared to other formations
• May not be suitable for restrictive terrain

Above: A fireteam wedge, led by the fireteam leader

The line formation is well-suited for advancing towards a known or suspected threat with the maximum number of guns brought to bear, and excels at placing a heavy volume of fire to the formation's front.

Strengths:

• Allows largest possible volume of fire forward and rearward
• Good troop dispersion
• Large area coverage
• Easily transitions to base of fire, bounding overwatch, or flanking maneuvers

Weaknesses:

• Vulnerable to both sides
• Allows very limited volume of fire on both sides
• Difficult to maneuver and control movement
• Highly visible due to large area coverage
• Ill-suited for maintaining stealth

Above: A fireteam line

The fireteam column is the opposite of a fireteam line in that, instead of being lined up left-to-right, the fireteam is lined up front-to-back. In other words, a single column line. Each team member after the point man should walk the exact same path as the person in front of them, to minimize risk of exposure to environmental hazards (such as mines or IEDs), and to keep the team together in low-visibility environments and on difficult terrain. When available, a role with a mine detector, such as an EOD Specialist or combat engineer, should take point if such hazards are known or suspected in the area.

A column must be used with caution, as only the point man can immediately react to any contact from the front, while the rest of the team must maneuver to support. If the team is in a column because the area is dangerous, those maneuvers are especially risky.

Strengths:

• Easiest formation to control, especially on difficult or restrictive terrain
• Allows largest possible volume of fire on both sides
• Easy to maintain at higher movement speeds
• Ideal for maintaining stealth

Weaknesses:

• Vulnerable to the front and rear
• Allows very limited volume of fire forward
• Often has poor dispersion of troops, especially with limited visibility
• Difficult to transition to base of fire, bounding overwatch, or flanking maneuvers

Above: A fireteam column, led by the fireteam leader

The fireteam staggered column sees the fireteam split into two adjacent column formations, staggered so that each member of each column is diagonal from those in the adjacent column. They should never be directly next to each other, as this prevents one team member from being able to effectively return fire when contacted from the side. Additionally, being staggered improves the spacing between fireteam members, reducing risk from explosives and ambushes.

The staggered column is usually utilized when following a road, and is useful for scouting ahead of friendly vehicles and sweeping the road for hazards. It also allows the team to maintain improved security over a single column, while avoiding walking on the center of the road. The team can easily condense into a single column on either side of the road at any time.

The staggered column does make it more difficult to effectively return fire to the front without forming a wedge, though is still better than a single column formation.

Buddy teams should create the front and rear of the formation, not the left and right columns. When the team takes contact from front or rear, this allows one buddy team to return fire whilst the other maneuvers to support them. When taking contact from the sides, it allows for the quick formation of a fireteam line, with one buddy team on the left and right.

Strengths:

• Good dispersion of troops
• Allows large volume of fire on both sides
• Better forward and rearward sectors of fire than a column
• Good maneuverability and movement control

Weaknesses:

• Fairly vulnerable to the front and rear
• Allows limited volume of fire forward and rearward
• Difficult to transition into base of fire, bounding overwatch, or flanking maneuvers

Above: A fireteam staggered column, led by the fireteam leader

Echelon left/right comprises the fireteam creating a single diagonal line going rearwards from the given side of the point man, which is usually the fireteam leader. Echelon left means the fireteam will be on the point man’s left, while echelon right means the fireteam will be on the point man’s right.

Used when the fireteam has another element covering the echelon’s weak side (the left side of an echelon right, and vice versa). Most commonly used to create a squad wedge formation, which is two fireteam echelon formations connecting to form a protective wedge for the squad leader element.

Pros:

• Allows excellent volume of fire on the specified side
• Allows good volume of fire forward and rearward
• Easily transitions to other formations

Cons:

• Vulnerable to the opposite side without an adjacent element
• Somewhat difficult to maneuver
• Not suitable for restrictive terrain

Above: An echelon left (top) and an echelon right (bottom), each led by the fireteam leader

The squad column comprises a fireteam wedge at the front, the other fireteam wedge at the rear, and the squad Leader element in the middle. The most common squad formation, it allows contact from either side to be engaged by both fireteams, while contact from the front or rear allows one fireteam to establish a base of fire whilst the other maneuvers to support.

Pros:

• Good all-around security
• Allows large volume of fire to the sides
• Good movement control with limited visibility or difficult terrain
• Easily transitions to base of fire, bounding overwatch, or flanking maneuvers

Cons:

• Allows limited volume of fire forward and rearward
• May not be suitable for restrictive terrain

Above: A squad column, led by the first fireteam leader

The squad wedge is created by having two fireteams form an echelon left and an echelon right, and connecting at their point men, usually with the first fireteam leader or taking point. In other words, wherein the fireteam wedge has a buddy team on either side, the squad wedge has a Fireteam on either side. The squad leader element is positioned behind the front of the wedge, but still within the formation, for optimal security and control over the formation.

Just like the fireteam wedge, if contacted from the front or rear, the wedge allows for easy transition to a line formation. If attacked from either side, one fireteam is able to return fire whilst the other maneuvers to support them.

Pros:

• Well-balanced for contact from the front, rear, and both sides
• Balanced volume of fire forward, rearward, and to both sides
• Good movement control, even with limited visibility or difficult terrain
• Large area coverage
• Easily transitions to other formations

Cons:

• The balanced forward, rearward, and side firing angles are each limited compared to other formations
• Highly visible due to large area coverage
• May not be suitable for restrictive terrain

Above: A squad wedge, led by the first fireteam leader

The squad file comprises the whole squad as one single column line, with one Fireteam at the front, the squad leader element in the middle, and the other Fireteam at the rear.

Just like the fireteam column, the squad file is usually used when there is a risk of mines/IEDs or other UXOs, to minimize risk of detonation by ensuring each person steps exactly where the point man did. It can also be used to maintain stealth, as the point man only needs to find a single path for the entire squad, and can easily stop the formation to avoid detection.

Strengths:

• Easiest formation to control, especially on difficult or restrictive terrain
• Allows largest possible volume of fire on both sides
• Easy to maintain at higher movement speeds
• Ideal for maintaining stealth

Weaknesses:

• Vulnerable to the front and rear
• Allows very limited volume of fire forward
• Poor dispersion of troops, especially with limited visibility
• Difficult to transition into base of fire, bounding overwatch, or flanking maneuvers

Above: A squad file, led by the first fireteam leader

The squad staggered column is created by having one fireteam in a staggered column at the front, the squad leader element in the middle, and the other fireteam in a staggered column at the rear. The formation can be done as either a single, unbroken staggered column, or with additional spacing between each element’s staggered column..

Similar to the fireteam staggered column, it is usually utilized when following a road, and is useful for scouting ahead of friendly vehicles and sweeping the road for hazards. It also allows the squad to maintain improved security while avoiding walking on the center of the road.

Strengths:

• Good dispersion of troops
• Allows large volume of fire on both sides
• Better forward and rearward security than a file
• Good maneuverability and movement control

Weaknesses:

• Vulnerable to the front and rear
• Allows limited volume of fire forward and rearward
• Difficult to transition into base of fire, bounding overwatch, or flanking maneuvers

Above: A squad staggered column, led by the first fireteam leader

Maintain the correct position in the formation set by the element leader.

Bounding overwatch is the process of ensuring that one team is moving, whilst another is stationary and providing overwatch. When a bounding maneuver is called there are five parts described:

1. The type of bounding (successive or alternate)
2. The maneuver element scale (individual, buddy team, fireteam, squad), 
3. The direction of movement (bearing or landmark)
4. (optional) The desired stop point (distance, location or number of bounds)
5. Which element is moving first

E.g.:

• A squad leader calling “This is Alpha 1-0. Successive, Fireteam bounding, towards that barn, 1 move" wants one Fireteam to move as a whole element, while the other provides cover, for one bound, then stop to allow the other Fireteam to move. He does not want the Fireteams to then utilise buddy team bounding.
• A squad leader instructing teams to “Alternating, Buddy Team Bounding, North, 400m” implies that each Fireteam will move North at the same time, with one buddy team moving in each Fireteam at a time.

The size of each bound should be based on the terrain, visibility, proximity of enemy threat, etc. For instance, bounds across relatively open terrain can be long - both in the interest of getting across as quickly as possible and because the range of the overwatch element is higher due to the open terrain. Urban bounds, on the other hand, are typically short due to the increased density of the area and the desire to maintain security and not overextend any one element.

Bound using the follow method:

1. The lead element calls for bounding and designates which element will move first
   1. e.g. “This is actual. Successive Fireteam bounding North. 1 move first.”
2. The first element acknowledges and shouts "Moving"
3. The first element moves to a position and holds shouting “Set”
4. The second element shouts “Moving” and moves to the same position as the first, confirming “Set”
5. The first element now moves, again shouting “Moving”, to the next position and holds, shouting “Set” again
6. The second element again calls and moves up to the same position as the first

This process is repeated until the unit reaches the desired end position.

Compared with FM/BS-504 - Bound using alternating bounding this process provides a higher level of security, but is slower.

Above:

Bound using the follow method:

1. The lead element calls for bounding and designates which element will move first
   1. e.g. “This is actual. Alternating Fireteam bounding North. 1 move first.”
2. The first element acknowledges and shouts "Moving"
3. The first element moves to a position and holds shouting “Set”
4. The second element shouts “Moving” and moves to a new position past the first element, confirming “Set”
5. The first element now moves, again shouting “Moving”, again passing the other element, to a futher position and holds, shouting “Set” again
6. The second element again calls and moves past the first element.

This process is repeated until the unit reaches the desired end position.

Compared with FM/BS-503 - Bound using successive bounding this process is faster, but provides a lower level of security

Above:

‘Peeling’ is a squad or fireteam movement used when encountering a larger force with overwhelming firepower. During a peel the team employs continuous suppressive fire while successively and rapidly moving, one person at a time, in the chosen direction. This is different to bounding as a peel implies a defensive tactic being performed, whereby a bound can be both offensive and defensive.

A peel is used when an element is operating on its own when no other forces are available to provide mutual support, and splitting the element would be detrimental to the engagement. The engagement is maintained until contact is successfully broken and the element is safe or until a mutual support element is in place to provide fire to cover their withdrawal.

A center peel is used when the element encounters an overwhelming force from the front, especially in staggered column, and needs to withdraw to their rear. This will be used when operating in urban terrain and the element needs to move back down a street or in open terrain where natural cover and concealment is to the rear.

A line peel is used when the element encounters an overwhelming force from the front and needs to withdraw to cover on their right or left. This will be used in urban terrain when moving off a main street onto a side road or when out in the open to move towards natural cover and concealment.

Peel using the following method:

1. The element under fire immediately forms and maintains a staggered column towards the contact, with at least enough room in the middle for one person to sprint through.
2. The two persons abreast facing the contact begin suppressive fire.
3. The person furthest up disengages, shouts ‘MOVING!’ and turns inwards to run down the column to take the rearmost position on the same side, then calls ‘SET!
4. As soon as the first person passes the next on the opposite side, they also immediately disengage, shouting ‘MOVING’ to run down the column and calling ‘SET!’ in the rear.
5. This continues down the column until the leader calls the transition to a different manoeuvre towards a safe position or support arrives.

Above: Center peel diagram

Peel using the following method:

1. The unit under fire immediately forms a line with all guns facing the direction of contact and initiating suppressive fire.
2. The person on the far end of the line disengages, shouting ‘MOVING!’, and runs passing behind the line towards the designated direction of retreat, then calls ‘SET!’
3. As soon as the next person in line on the far end is passed by the first, they disengage shouting ‘MOVING!’, continuing the cycle.
4. This process repeats, shuffling the unit sideways one by one while keeping up suppression until disengaged.

Above: Line peel diagram

Cover and concealment both reduce risk to friendly forces, but they protect against different threats and are not interchangeable.

Cover protects personnel from enemy fire and blast effects. It physically stops or degrades projectiles and fragments. Effective cover reduces the likelihood of injury or death when under fire but may still allow the enemy to observe the position.

Concealment protects personnel from enemy observation and detection. It hides movement and positions but does not stop bullets or blast effects. Concealment reduces the chance of being engaged but provides little protection once contact occurs.

Key Distinctions

• Protection Type: Cover provides physical protection; concealment provides visual protection.
• Effect Under Fire: Cover remains effective once engaged; concealment does not.
• Visibility: Cover may be visible to the enemy; concealment may hide a position entirely.
• Use in Manoeuvre: Concealment is prioritised to avoid contact; cover is prioritised once contact is made.

Effective use of terrain balances both. Concealment is used to prevent detection, while cover is used to survive engagement when detection occurs.

Use vegetation and elevation differences to conceal your element. Also consider concealment from flying platforms, which is something a tree canopy can provide.

Use terrain to give the element the upper hand in an engagement:

• Use terrain features as cover
• Use terrain as funnels to lay ambushes
• Use elevation difference to shoot down on the enemy

Operating in stealth requires practice however there are some fundamentals can that be followed:

Movement Discipline

• Move slowly in hostile areas to reduce noise and visibility.
• Stay low in open terrain and use terrain features for concealment.
• Limit unnecessary movement near enemy positions.

Visual & Thermal Camouflage

• Wear appropriate camo based on the environment (woodland, urban, desert).
• Use natural shadows, foliage, and structures to remain hidden.
• Be aware that some enemies may have thermal optics or night sights.

Noise & Light Discipline

• Keep flashlights, lasers, and unnecessary lights off.
• If using voice chat, whisper mode can help to prevent noise detection.
• Avoid firing weapons unless absolutely necessary.

Different environments can introduce unique challenges to reconnaissance and stealth. Understanding how to adapt ensures better survival and intelligence gathering:

Dense Forest & Jungle Environments

• Use slow, deliberate movement to avoid detection and minimize noise. The enemy may be close before either side notices.
• Stick to natural cover like bushes and trees instead of roads or paths.
• Engage only when necessary. visibility is low, and firefights can quickly become chaotic.

Arctic Conditions

• Visibility is often high, so use terrain dips, tree lines, and elevation changes for cover.
• Be aware of long-range optics and thermal imaging, which are more effective in open snow environments.

Desert & Sparse Terrain

• Stay low and avoid silhouetting against ridgelines.
• Movement is often visible from long distances, move during low light hours if possible.

Urban

• Use building interiors, rooftops, and alleyways for movement and observation.
• Avoid crossing large open spaces unless necessary, stick to walls and cover.
• Be mindful of elevated enemy positions and sniper threats. 

Enemy positions should not be used as regroup or rally points after contact or assault. Once occupied, these locations are likely known or pre-planned for indirect fires, air attack, or follow-on engagement.

Even if cleared or abandoned, the enemy may still respond with artillery, mortars, or direct fire once friendly forces occupy the position, increasing vulnerability during reorganisation.

Following contact, elements should displace to a separate, concealed, and defensible location to reorganise, treat casualties, redistribute ammunition, and establish security. Selecting regroup points away from enemy positions reduces predictability and improves survivability

Destroy, dislodge, or force the enemy to disengage.

• Apply overwhelming fire and manoeuvre from decisive positions.
• Maintain momentum to prevent enemy recovery or withdrawal.
• Clear remaining resistance methodically.
• Re‑establish control and prepare for follow‑on actions.

Manoeuvre elements to attack the enemy from a position of advantage.

• Move outside the enemy’s primary arcs of fire and observation.
• Use terrain, timing, and suppression to conceal movement.
• Maintain coordination with fixing elements to prevent enemy reorientation.
• Position flanking elements to engage decisive targets or vulnerabilities.

Prevent the enemy from manoeuvring or disengaging.

• Apply sufficient fire to force the enemy to remain in position.
• Maintain continuous pressure to limit enemy movement and initiative.
• Avoid over‑committing forces intended for manoeuvre.
• Adjust fire to maintain suppression without unnecessary exposure.

Following contact, restore combat effectiveness before continuing operations.

Immediate Priorities

• Move off of the enemy position.
• Establish security.
• Confirm command structure.
• Assess casualties.
• Redistribute ammunition.
• Re-establish orientation.

Follow-On

• Reassign tasks as required.
• Report status.
• Prepare for follow-on action.

Identify the enemy’s location, strength, and disposition while minimising exposure.

• Use observation, movement, and probing fire to locate enemy elements.
• Confirm enemy positions through multiple indicators where possible.
• Avoid committing decisively before the enemy is identified.
• Report contact clearly to enable follow‑on actions.

Apply sufficient fire to reduce the enemy’s ability to return effective fire.

• Direct fire toward known or suspected enemy positions to suppress them.
• Increase volume, accuracy, or tempo of fire until enemy fire becomes ineffective or sporadic.
• Use suppressive fire as the primary method; at closer ranges or against small elements, deliberate fire may be sufficient.
• Maintain fire until friendly manoeuvre or disengagement is achieved.

Fire superiority enables freedom of movement and reduces friendly casualties.

Engage the enemy while repositioning to prevent being fixed in place.

• Apply effective fire to suppress or fix the enemy.
• Reposition elements after limited engagement time from the same position.
• Use movement to deny the enemy predictable targeting and control.
• Exploit new positions to gain improved firing angles and observation.
• Maintain coordination so fire and movement remain mutually supporting.

Prolonged firing from a single position increases vulnerability. Continuous manoeuvre preserves initiative and survivability.

Feints and demonstrations are conducted to deceive the enemy regarding friendly intent, location, or main effort.

A feint involves limited engagement to provoke a reaction, while a demonstration shows force without committing decisively. Both aim to draw enemy attention, fix forces, or cause misallocation of resources.

Key characteristics of feints and demonstrations:

• Actions are believable and consistent with real attacks.
• Force is applied selectively to avoid decisive engagement.
• Enemy reactions are observed and exploited elsewhere.
• Risk is carefully controlled to prevent escalation.
• Coordination ensures deception supports the main effort.

Feints and demonstrations are most effective when the enemy relies on reactive decision‑making and lacks complete situational awareness.

Encirclement attacks the enemy from multiple directions to deny movement and withdrawal.

Rather than focusing on a single axis, encirclement applies pressure across several approaches simultaneously. The intent is to isolate the enemy, degrade cohesion, and prevent reinforcement or escape.

Key characteristics of encirclement:

• Multiple manoeuvre elements attack from different directions.
• Enemy withdrawal routes are denied or controlled.
• Pressure is applied continuously across all axes.
• Enemy cohesion and command are rapidly degraded.

Encirclement is most effective against isolated or static enemies unable to break contact or reposition.

A frontal assault advances directly against the enemy from a single direction.

All elements apply pressure along the same axis to fix the enemy while progressively closing distance. Fire and movement are used to maintain momentum and prevent the enemy from disengaging or reorganising.

Key characteristics of a frontal assault:

• Attack is conducted from a single direction.
• All elements contribute to fixing the enemy.
• Progress is achieved through coordinated fire and movement.
• Predictability is offset by sustained pressure.

Frontal assaults rely heavily on coordination and fire superiority, as the enemy remains oriented toward the attacking force.

An anvil and hammer attack fixes the enemy in place while a manoeuvre element strikes from a different direction.

One element applies sustained pressure to prevent the enemy from repositioning, while the second element manoeuvres to attack exposed flanks or rear areas. The enemy’s focus on the fixing force creates an opportunity for decisive manoeuvre.

Key characteristics of an anvil and hammer attack:

• One element fixes the enemy through pressure.
• One element manoeuvres to strike from an offset direction.
• Success depends on maintaining pressure until manoeuvre is complete.
• Manoeuvre is protected by the fixing element.

Anvil and hammer attacks are most effective when the fixing force can hold the enemy’s attention long enough for manoeuvre to succeed.

A pincer attack applies pressure on the enemy from two different directions at the same time.

By attacking from multiple axes, the enemy is forced to divide attention, fire, and manoeuvre, reducing their ability to respond effectively. The intent is to collapse resistance by overwhelming the enemy’s ability to orient toward a single threat.

Key characteristics of a pincer attack:

• Two manoeuvre elements attack from separate directions.
• Pressure is applied simultaneously rather than sequentially.
• Enemy freedom of movement is restricted.
• Enemy fire and command are divided across multiple threats.

Pincer attacks are most effective when coordination and timing prevent either element from becoming decisively engaged alone.

A raid is a deliberate, time-limited offensive action conducted to achieve a specific objective and then disengage.

Raids are not intended to seize or hold terrain. Instead, they focus on striking a defined target (such as personnel, equipment, infrastructure, or information) before withdrawing on a planned route.

Key characteristics of a raid:

• Clearly defined objective and end state.
• Emphasis on surprise, speed, and violence of action.
• Limited duration with a planned withdrawal.
• Forces are task-organised specifically for the objective.
• Disengagement is planned before the raid begins.

Raids rely on coordination between finding, fixing, and striking elements to isolate the objective and prevent enemy reinforcement. Once the objective is achieved, elements disengage rapidly to avoid becoming fixed or encircled.

A raid is most effective when the enemy is unprepared, reaction times are limited, and the attacking force retains freedom of manoeuvre throughout the action.

Exploitation focuses on capitalising on enemy disruption or collapse to expand the success of an attack.

When an enemy loses cohesion, elements rapidly advance to deny them the ability to reorganise, establish new defensive positions, or withdraw in good order. The objective is to turn a local success into a decisive advantage through momentum and pressure.

Key characteristics of exploitation:

• Speed and aggression are prioritised over consolidation.
• Enemy gaps, withdrawals, and confusion are exploited immediately.
• Objectives are flexible and may shift based on enemy reaction.
• Command focuses on maintaining tempo rather than perfect alignment.
• Exploitation ends before elements become overextended or isolated.

Exploitation is most effective when situational awareness is high and coordination allows combat power to be redirected quickly toward vulnerable enemy elements.

Limited pursuit is conducted to maintain pressure on a withdrawing enemy without committing to a full chase.

The intent is to prevent the enemy from disengaging cleanly, force continued movement, and inflict additional losses while avoiding overextension. Pursuit remains controlled and is broken deliberately when risk outweighs gain.

Key characteristics of limited pursuit:

• Pressure is applied without abandoning formation integrity.
• Fire and manoeuvre are used to keep the enemy moving.
• Contact is maintained selectively, not continuously.
• Boundaries and disengagement criteria are clearly understood.
• Elements avoid being drawn into prepared positions or ambushes.

Limited pursuit is most effective when the enemy is disorganised but still capable of resistance, and when friendly forces retain freedom to disengage at will.

A breakthrough concentrates combat power to rupture an enemy line at a selected point.

Once the line is penetrated, forces exploit the gap to attack exposed flanks and rear areas, disrupting cohesion and command. The objective is to split the enemy formation and prevent reconstitution of the defence.

Key characteristics of a breakthrough:

• Combat power is concentrated at a decisive point.
• Initial penetration is followed by rapid exploitation.
• Enemy formations are split or isolated.
• Momentum is maintained to prevent line restoration.

Breakthrough operations are most effective when follow‑on forces can exploit success faster than the enemy can react.

A fixing attack is conducted to prevent the enemy from manoeuvring, reinforcing, or disengaging.

Rather than seeking immediate destruction, the fixing element applies sustained pressure to hold the enemy in place while other elements manoeuvre to achieve decisive effects elsewhere.

Key characteristics of a fixing attack:

• Fire is used to deny enemy movement and initiative.
• Positions are maintained long enough to shape the battlefield.
• The fixing element avoids unnecessary advance or exposure.
• Success is measured by enemy immobility, not terrain gained.
• Coordination with manoeuvring elements is critical.

Fixing attacks are commonly used as part of larger manoeuvre schemes such as anvil and hammer, encirclement, or breakthrough operations.

Apply sufficient fire to reduce the enemy’s ability to return effective fire.

• Direct fire toward known or suspected enemy positions to suppress them.
• Increase volume, accuracy, or tempo of fire until enemy fire becomes ineffective or sporadic.
• Use suppressive fire as the primary method; at closer ranges or against small elements, deliberate fire may be sufficient.
• Maintain fire until friendly manoeuvre or disengagement is achieved.

Fire superiority enables freedom of movement and reduces friendly casualties.

Effectively allocate firepower to cover likely enemy approaches while preventing overlap and friendly fire.

• Identify likely enemy avenues of approach within the assigned area.
• Divide the sector into clearly defined fire arcs covering only viable threat directions.
• Assign each individual, buddy team, or weapon system a specific arc using bearings, clock directions, or terrain references.
• Ensure arcs do not overlap unnecessarily, especially across friendly positions or movement routes.
• Confirm all personnel understand their assigned arc and engagement limits.
• Adjust arcs as the situation, terrain, or friendly positioning changes.

Engage the enemy while repositioning to prevent being fixed in place.

• Apply effective fire to suppress or fix the enemy.
• Reposition elements after limited engagement time from the same position.
• Use movement to deny the enemy predictable targeting and control.
• Exploit new positions to gain improved firing angles and observation.
• Maintain coordination so fire and movement remain mutually supporting.

Prolonged firing from a single position increases vulnerability. Continuous manoeuvre preserves initiative and survivability.

Reposition the element away from the enemy in a controlled and deliberate manner to end the engagement.

• Issue a clear command to disengage; explicitly order personnel to cease fire when required.
• Establish suppression or covering elements as needed to enable movement.
• Reposition by bounds or controlled movement to increase distance from the enemy.
• Maintain element cohesion and accountability throughout the movement.
• Once clear, re-establish security and prepare for follow-on actions.

Breaking contact creates a short period of vulnerability. Speed, discipline, and clear leadership are critical, as personnel may instinctively continue engaging unless directed otherwise.

When given the order to break contact, immediately stop engaging the enemy and move according to the orders of the element leader. Be prepared to throw smoke grenades, as the element leader may order smoke to be deployed as concealment.

Breaking contact is the act of deliberately disengaging an active enemy and withdrawing from contact, instead of defeating the enemy.

We can break contact from the enemy for multiple reasons, including but not limited to:

• The engaged element is no longer combat effective (Through either casualties or lack of ammunition)
• The engaged element is not able to defeat the enemy (e.g. Has no AT capability strong enough to defeat the OPFOR vehicle attacking them)
• Engaging the enemy would expose the Task Force tactically (e.g. the leader wishes to ensure the engaged element is available to assist another element, rather than engaged in their own fight

It is not the case that if the instruction is given to break contact, that the lead element does not believe that the engaged element could have won the fight! We often break contact from fights we can win due to operational/tactical reasons.

Mobile defense prioritises the preservation of manoeuvre over holding fixed terrain.

Instead of establishing a continuous defensive line, elements retain mobility and engage the enemy through movement, repositioning, and selective engagement. The aim is to disrupt the enemy’s advance, draw them into unfavourable positions, and apply combat power at chosen points.

Key characteristics of a mobile defence:

• Limited reliance on fixed positions.
• Emphasis on freedom of movement and flexibility.
• Engagements are initiated and broken deliberately.
• Use of maneuver to avoid being fixed or enveloped.
• Counter‑attacks are used to exploit exposed enemy elements rather than to retake ground.

Mobile defence is most effective when space is available, situational awareness is maintained, and coordination allows rapid concentration of force at decisive moments.

A counter-attack is an offensive action conducted by a defending force to regain lost ground, restore the defensive line, or exploit an enemy overextension. It is executed after the enemy has been fixed, exposed, or disorganised.

Counter-attacks are deliberately timed and focused. They target enemy flanks, gaps, or overextended elements rather than the enemy’s main strength. Success relies on coordination, surprise, and rapid execution rather than prolonged engagement.

Key principles of a counter-attack include:

• Launching only when the enemy is vulnerable or committed
• Maintaining control and coordination with adjacent defensive elements
• Re-establishing the original defensive posture or transitioning to a new one immediately after completion

A counter-attack is not a pursuit. Once the objective is achieved, forces consolidate, re-orient security, and prepare to resume the defence or repel follow-on attacks.

A spoiling attack is a limited offensive action conducted to disrupt an enemy attack before it can be launched.

Rather than holding ground, the intent is to force the enemy to deploy early, break coordination, or abandon prepared plans. Spoiling attacks aim to reduce the effectiveness of an enemy assault by striking at a time and place of advantage.

Key characteristics of a spoiling attack:

• Conducted with defensive intent.
• Limited in scope and duration.
• Targets enemy preparations, staging areas, or lead elements.
• Seeks disruption rather than decisive engagement.
• Followed by a planned withdrawal or transition back to defense.

Spoiling attacks are most effective when executed before the enemy fully commits, allowing friendly forces to regain time, initiative, or positional advantage without becoming decisively engaged.

The purpose of delaying actions is to trade space for time without becoming decisively engaged.

Elements conducting a delay do not seek to hold ground. Instead, they engage the enemy briefly to slow movement, force deployment, and disrupt momentum before repositioning.

Key characteristics of a delaying action:

• Ground is conceded deliberately.
• Engagements are short and controlled.
• The enemy is forced to pause, reorganise, or redeploy.
• Element cohesion and freedom of movement are preserved.

A delay often transitions into a fighting retreat, defence in depth, or a counter‑attack once conditions become favourable.

Defense in depth employs multiple prepared defensive lines arranged in depth rather than relying on a single position. Each line is designed to absorb, delay, and disrupt the enemy while preserving friendly combat power.

Forces transition between static defence and fighting retreat as pressure increases. Forward elements fix and attrit the enemy, then withdraw in a controlled manner to subsequent positions, maintaining cohesion and mutual support throughout the depth of the defence.

Defence in depth emphasizes:

• Layered positions to prevent a single point of failure
• Planned displacement between lines rather than ad hoc withdrawal
• Continuous engagement to degrade enemy momentum over time

This approach is effective when terrain allows depth, preparation time is available, and the commander intends to delay, exhaust, or canalize the enemy before decisive engagement.

A fighting retreat is a controlled withdrawal conducted under continuous enemy pressure. The force maintains contact with the enemy while deliberately moving rearward to preserve combat power and prevent decisive engagement.

All elements apply consistent fire to slow, fix, and disrupt the enemy while displacing in a coordinated manner. Movement is synchronized across the line to prevent gaps, isolation, or collapse of individual elements.

Key characteristics of a fighting retreat include:

• Continuous fire to maintain pressure and deny freedom of movement
• Coordinated displacement to keep the defensive line intact
• Emphasis on discipline and timing to avoid disorder or pursuit exploitation

A fighting retreat is used to delay an advancing enemy, trade space for time, or draw the enemy into more favourable terrain without breaking cohesion.

An elastic defense allows elements to give ground deliberately while maintaining overall cohesion of the defensive line. Positions are not fixed; controlled withdrawal is used to preserve combat power and prevent encirclement.

The primary objective is to maintain a continuous defensive frontage while trading space for time and positional advantage. As the enemy advances, their formations extend and become increasingly exposed, creating opportunities to engage flanks and overextended elements.

Elastic defence emphasizes:

• Controlled displacement rather than collapse
• Maintaining mutual support across depth
• Exploiting enemy overextension instead of contesting every position

This approach is best suited when terrain allows depth, command and control can be maintained, and flexibility is required to counter superior enemy pressure.

A static defense relies on holding fixed positions with no planned maneuver or displacement. Defensive success depends on all elements maintaining their assigned ground.

Static defenses offer strong initial control over assigned sectors but lack flexibility. If one element is forced to withdraw or loses its position, adjacent sectors may become exposed, often resulting in the collapse of the entire defence.

Because repositioning is not anticipated, static defences require:

• Reliable mutual support between positions
• Clear sector responsibility and fire control
• Early threat detection to prevent breakthrough

Static defence is best suited for terrain that naturally restricts enemy movement or when withdrawal and manoeuvre are not feasible.

As always when in an infantry role covering your sector is key in MOUT, if anything it is more important. When watching your sectors there are particular MOUT specific considerations:

• MOUT environments have a vertical element, ensure that you are watching windows as well as ground level
• Think carefully about your stance, communicating with your team to provide maximum security

Above: Two infantry cover a sector high/low with appropriate stances

When moving in a fireteam column during MOUT, maintain continuous coverage by assigning sectors based on position:

• Front: Covers the direction of movement while remaining aware of threats to the sides
• Rear: Covers behind the team while remaining aware of threats to the sides
• All others: Cover both the near side and far side of the road, watching doorways, windows, alleys, and higher floors where possible. Communication is key to ensuring all sectors are covered. 

As the team moves:

• Check openings as they are passed
• Observe multiple building levels where possible
• Engage any threats when identified

Maintain observation of the assigned sector at all times while moving.

Above: A 4-man and 5-man examples of formation when moving down a street

Cross the danger area using controlled movement and mutual cover:

1. When approaching a danger area, the leader alerts the team by saying ‘Danger Area’ 
2. The first two members hold on the near side, covering left and right across the danger area
3. The next two cross, move quickly to the far side, and take up left and right coverage
4. If more personnel remain, they cross next and cover the direction of travel
5. Once the main body is across, the original two members cross last
6. After crossing, they resume the direction of travel, restoring the original formation
7. The rest of the team re-joins the formation and continues movement

Above: A team leader rushes across a danger area as his team provides cover

When covering corners, if one player kneels while another stands behind them, two pairs of eyes and two rifles can cover the same area, increasing effectiveness. This is commonly known as a "high/low stack" and can be employed naturally whenever the situation allows. Note that the kneeling player must not stand unless he has cleared it with the standing player - else he's likely to stand up into a bullet.

Above: 2 players using High/Low stacking to maximize fire around a corner

A Fireteam is never alone during MOUT, a common situation will be a squad of two teams working in the same area towards a set goal. 

Contrary to a Squad Staggered Column, the teams would each have a designated flank, and they are to advance together through the obstacles. It is important to have the same pacing between the two teams. This may come in the form of short halts to let the other team catch up safely, or coordinating the crossing of danger areas to sync sector coverage. Maintaining pacing also allows for street side sector to cover and alert the other element of danger on their side (contact on higher floors or behind corners)

There are two ways that a breaching team can ‘stack up’ on a door – one is with all the members on the same side of the doorway (“stack”). If this is the case, the first man will state his entry type (“Cross!” or “Hook!”), with the following team members doing the opposite of the person in front of him/her. If the entry type is not stated, the second man simply does the opposite of what the entry man does, third man does the opposite of the second man, etc.

When ordering a stack, the lead man will either say "stack left" or "stack right" - the directions are relative to facing the doorway. "Stack left" will result in the entry team being on the left side of the door.

The following is a general description of the duties of the breaching team when stacking. Keep in mind that these duties are very contextual, and the focus should be on fluidity rather than doing things exactly by the book.

One Man: The point man, will before the breach maintain security of the breach and never take his eyes or gun away from it. The One Man will initiate the breach when the rest of the breaching team is ready.

Two Man: Keeps security long before breach. If the room needs to be prepped with frags or stuns, this will be the Two Man’s duty.

Three (+Four & Five if applicable) Man: Keeps security to the side (2-4 o’clock) of the stack. If more than four in the team, Three watches ground floor, Four takes upper floors, Five watches 4 o'clock (side-rear).

Last Man (all team sizes): Takes rear security, watching behind the team. The last man is always in the last man role, regardless of team size e.g. In a Fireteam of five, the Fifth man does the last man role and watches the rear, not the “Five man” role described above.

Above: Example of a single stack left, demonstrating how the 2nd man is the person to deploy grenades if needed, to ensure the point man -always- has eyes on the doorway and trigger finger ready

The other option is to split the stack into two, one on either side of the doorway ("split stack"). The One Man will state his entry type, and the other members of the breaching team will prepare to do a similar type of entry, except that the team in the other stack will do so from the opposite side of the door. This type of stack is best assumed when a closed door is present - moving across an open doorway for the sake of setting up a 'split stack' should never be done.

The following is a general description of the duties of the breaching team when performing a split stack. Again, keep in mind that the focus should be on fluidity rather than doing things by the book.

One Man: The point man, will before the breach maintain security of the breach and never take his eyes or gun away from it. Unless otherwise signaled, will be situated on the left hand side of the breach.

Two Man: On the opposite side of the breach, will provide cross cover into the breach

Three Man: Behind One Man, provides cover side front (approx 1 to 3 o’clock) from their perspective. If the room needs to be prepped with frag or stun grenades, this is the duty of the Three Man.

Four Man: Behind Two Man, provides cover ‘rear’ or ‘away’ if there are more men behind.

Above: An example of a 6-man team split stacking and executing a 'hook' entry. Notice that the 1st man is on the left of the doorway, and the grenadier is still the man behind him, therefore the 4th man is covering 'away' from the door

Stack up on an entry point using on of the following methods:

• Single stack: all members of the team stack up on a single side of the door
• Split stack: all members of the team distribute themselves and stack up on opposite sides of the door

When clearing a room with no non-combatents inside, throw in a offensive grenade (fragmentation, concussion) before entering the room

If there are non-combatents inside or when executing a capture mission, flashbangs can be used instead.

Before entering an entry point or when passing close by an opening in a building, pie it by deliberately maving from one side to the other while looking inside.This allows for visually clearing everything except for a corner or two.

Above: A demonstration of pieing an entryway

Enter a room using on of the two following methods:

• Hook: enter and immediatly turn back to the side your were stacked, essentially making a U-turn.
• Cross: enter and continue moving in the same direction, ending up on the opposite side of where you were stacked.

Once inside a room move and clear in the following manner:

• Move following the outside wall, and don't stop until the room has been cleared
• Clear the corner closest to you on your side of the room
• Clear the corner furthest from you on your side of the room
• Clear the center of the room

Say "Clear" when an area, room or building has been cleared.

If the area, room or building can be ambiguous, prepend it before saying clear: "{area} clear". 

• Stay off crew intercom, and join cargo if crew was selected by default
• Do not try to interact directly with the crew, regardless of the situation
• Casual conversation is allowed, unless instructed otherwise by the crew/leadership
• Cease casual conversation automatically when in contact or in an emergency

• Before dismounting, the call "Dismount" will be given by the crew
• After dismounting the vehicle move away from the vehicle without crossing in front or behind the vehicle, to prevent being run over, or stopping the vehicle from moving as it needs to.

Element leaders ensure their team boards the assigned vehicle, supervise loading, and board last. If acting as navigator, they must communicate to their team that the front passenger seat should be left for them to occupy.

All personnel must follow directions during embarkation. Leaders must take charge; subordinates must listen and comply.

When mounting in a vehicle, announce to the fireteam leader when your are mounted over the radio.

‘{name} up’

This allows fireteam leaders to then notify the squad leader and so on and ensure that everyone who needs to be on board, is on board before the vehicle departs.

5 m physical check: Immediately after dismounting, physically inspect the immediate 5-metre ring around the vehicle.

20 m visual check:  After the 5m physical check., conduct a visual scan out to 20 metres in all directions:

Look for IED indicators, tripwires, ground anomalies, recent digging, foreign objects, fuel/power cables, suspicious containers, or dangerous terrain.

When approaching a helicopter, keep in mind the following factors:

• Avoid crossing the door gunner firing arcs
• Avoid getting near the tail rotor, especially the side of the tail that the tail rotor is on
• Avoid approaching and standing directly in front of the helicopter, as this is the direction in which the helicopter will move when taking off
• Be mindful of the clearance between your head and the main rotor, especially on uneven terrain

In practice, this means:

• Approach helicopters that load from the side from the side, preferably slightly from the rear
• Approach helicopters that load from the rear directly from the rear

Above: Infantry moving to a Ghosthawk to mount

• Before dismounting, the call "Dismount" will be given by the crew
• After dismounting the vehicle move away from the vehicle without crossing in front or behind the vehicle, to prevent being run over, or stopping the vehicle from moving as it needs to.

• Stay off crew intercom, and join cargo if crew was selected by default
• Do not try to interact directly with the crew, regardless of the situation
• Casual conversation is allowed, unless instructed otherwise by the crew/leadership
• Cease casual conversation automatically when in contact or in an emergency

When mounting in a vehicle, announce to the fireteam leader when your are mounted over the radio.

‘{name} up’

This allows fireteam leaders to then notify the squad leader and so on and ensure that everyone who needs to be on board, is on board before the vehicle departs.

When it comes to parachuting into combat zones, there are two basic styles of parachutes used. The first is a round, static-line chute. This allows for minimal control during descent, and the deployment of the chute automatically occurs as you leave the aircraft. The second style, typically used by smaller, more highly-trained units is a ram-air maneuverable parachute that is manually deployed by you after leaving the aircraft.

In HALO, the chute is deployed at low altitude to minimize the time spent under canopy. 

• Steer towards the target during freefall, as minimal moaneuvering will be possible with the parachute
• Open the parachute around 200m AGL (above ground level)

Both styles of insertion give you some degree of control over your descent. With static line “round chutes” having significantly less. Parafoils give you much greater maneuverability during the descent. While in flight, you’ll be able to turn, accelerate, decelerate, and flare the chute.

This high level of control allows you great flexibility to choose a landing site that works best for you and your team as long as you’re high enough in the air, almost anything you can see can be reached by gliding to it. The Arma 3 parafoil can reach a forward speed of over 50kph, though this brings with it a more rapid descent rate. For maximum glide range, try to stay closer to 15 to 20kph; while you’ll be in the air longer, your total ground distance covered will significantly increase. As you descend, you’ll find that wind will disrupt your flight and push you off course.

This wind drift must be accounted for and monitored, particularly in low-visibility situations such as night drops. Ensure your team is navigating and adjusting the flight path during the descent, else you’re likely to end up a significant distance from where you’d intended.